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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 297 The Fedora Setup Agent runs automatically only if you have configured Fedora to boot to a graphical login prompt. To start it from a text login, log in as root and switch to init state 5 temporarily (type init 5). Log in to the graphical prompt. From a Terminal window, as root user, type # rm /etc/sysconfig/firstboot # /usr/sbin/firstboot The Welcome screen displays. From it, step through screens to configure date and time, your monitor, user accounts, and additional software. Summary After throwing its devoted following into turmoil by dropping the well-known Red Hat Linux name, Red Hat, Inc. focused its development efforts into the free Fedora Project and commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux distributions distinguish themselves from other Linux distributions with their simplified installer (called Anaconda), graphical configuration tools, and RPM Package Management tools. Fedora Core is freely available, whereas Red Hat Enterprise Linux is available on a paid subscription basis. Fedora Core is included on the DVD that comes with this book. You can install the complete Fedora Core distribution by following the detailed instructions included in this chapter. . . . Note
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296 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution If you are enabling Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) on your computer, the security structure of your computer changes. The root user may no longer have complete control of the computer. Instead, there may be policies set that prevent any one user from having complete control. 20. Select Packages. Groups of packages are selected by default depending on the type of installation you chose earlier. In general, either more workstationoriented or server-oriented packages are selected. Pick the ones you want. You can override your package selections by choosing Minimal or Everything install groups. Disk space requirements for those install types are described earlier in this chapter. Because each group represents several packages, you can click the Details button next to each group to select more specifically the packages within that group. Because Workstation and Personal Desktop installations don t add any server packages, this is a good opportunity to add server packages for the services you expect to use. Click Next to continue. 21. Decide to Install. You can still back out now, and the disk will not have changed. Click Next to proceed. (To quit without changes, eject the CD and restart the computer.) Now the file systems are created and the packages are installed. This typically takes from 20 to 60 minutes to complete, although it can take much longer on older computers. If you are using the DVD, you do not need to change media. If you are installing from the four-CD set, you are prompted to insert additional installation CDs as they are needed. 22. Configure your monitor. You may be asked to configure your monitor. If it was probed properly, you should be able to just continue. 23. Finish installing. When you see the Congratulations screen, you are done. Note the links to Fedora Core information, eject the CD, and click Exit. 24. Your computer restarts. If you installed GRUB, you will see a graphical boot screen that displays the bootable partitions. Press the up or down arrow key to choose the partition you want to boot, and press Enter. If Linux is the default partition, you can simply wait a few moments and it boots automatically. The first time your system boots after installation, the Fedora Setup Agent runs to do some initial configuration of your system. The next section explains how Fedora Setup Agent works. Running Fedora Setup Agent The first time you boot Fedora Core after it is installed, the Fedora Setup Agent runs to configure some initial settings for your computer. Tip Note
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 295 16. Choose a firewall configuration. The use of a firewall has significant impact on the security of your computer. If you are connected to the Internet or to another public network, a firewall can limit the ways an intruder can break into your Linux system. Here are your choices: No firewall Select this security level if you are not connected to a public network and do not want to deny requests for services from any computer on your local network. Of course, you can still restrict access to services by starting up only the services you want to offer and by using configuration files to restrict access to individual services. Enable firewall Select this security level if you are connecting your Linux system to the Internet for Web browsing and file downloading (FTP). By default, only services needed to enable Web browsing and basic network setup, DNS replies, and DHCP (to serve addresses) are allowed at this level. If you enable the firewall and you know you want to enable access to particular services, you can click the appropriate check boxes and allow incoming requests for the following services: SSH (secure shell to allow remote login), Telnet (an insecure method of remote login), WWW (act as a Web server), Mail (act as a mail server), and/or FTP (act as an FTP server). You can also add a comma-separated list of port numbers to the Other Ports box to open access to those ports, which effectively allows requests to services associated with those port numbers. (The /etc/services file lists which services are associated with which port numbers.) If you have a LAN that consists of trusted computers, you can click the box representing your interface to that LAN (probably eth0). Clicking the box allows access to any services you care to share with the computers on your LAN. Click Next to continue. Adding firewall rules here results in rules being added to the /etc/sysconfig/ iptables file. The rules are run from the /etc/init.d/iptables startup script when you boot your system. 17. Choose language support. The default is your installation language. You can install support for additional languages by clicking the check boxes next to the languages you want. Click the Select All button to install all supported languages to your system. When you are done, click Next to continue. 18. Choose a time zone. Select one from the list. To see a more specific view of your location, click World and choose your continent. From the UTC Offset tab, you can choose a time zone according to the number of hours away from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), known as the UTC offset. 19. Set root password. The root password provides complete control of your Fedora system. Without it, and before you add other users, you will have no access to your own system. Enter the password, and then type it again in the Confirm box. (Remember the root user s password and keep it confidential! Don t lose it!) Click Next to continue. Tip
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294 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution 15. Configure networking. This applies only to a local area network. If you will use only dial-up networking, skip this section by clicking Next. If your computer is not yet connected to a LAN, you also should skip this section. Network address information is assigned to your computer in two basic ways: statically (you type it) or dynamically (a DHCP server provides that information from the network at boot time). One Network Device appears for each network card you have installed on your computer. The first Ethernet interface is eth0, the second is eth1, and so on. Repeat the setup for each card by selecting each card and clicking Edit. Chapter 5 discusses IP addresses, netmasks, and other information you need to set up your LAN. With the Edit Interface eth0 dialog box displayed, add the following information as appropriate for your network configuration: Configure using DHCP If your IP address is assigned automatically from a DHCP server, a check mark should appear here. With DHCP checked, you don t have to set other values on this page. Remove the check mark to set your own IP address. IP Address If you set your own IP address, this is the four-part, dotseparated number that represents your computer to the network. How IP addresses are formed and how you choose them is more than can be said in a few sentences (see Chapter 5 for a more complete description). An example of a private IP address is 192.168.0.1. Netmask The netmask is used to determine what part of an IP address represents the network and what part represents a particular host computer. An example of a netmask for a Class C network is 255.255.255.0. Activate on boot Indicate whether you want the network to start at boot time (you probably do if you have a LAN). Click OK, and then add the following information on the main screen: Set the host name The name identifying your computer within your domain. For example, if your computer were named baskets in the handsonhistory.com domain, your full host name may be baskets .handsonhistory.com. You can either set the domain name yourself (manually) or have it assigned automatically, if that information is being assigned by a DHCP server (automatically via DHCP). Gateway The IP number of the computer that acts as a gateway to networks outside your LAN. It represents a host computer or router that routes packets between your LAN and the Internet. Primary DNS The IP address of the host that translates computer names you request into IP addresses. It is referred to as a Domain Name System (DNS) server. You may also have Secondary and Tertiary name servers in case the first one can t be reached. (Most ISPs will give you two DNS server addresses.) Click Next to continue. Cross- Reference
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 293 12. Review the Partitions screen. You can change any of the partitions you choose provided you have at least one root (/) partition that can hold the entire installation and one swap partition. A small /boot partition (about 100MB) is also recommended. The swap partition is often set to twice the size of the amount of RAM on your computer (for example, for 128MB RAM you can use 256MB of swap). Linux uses swap space when active processes have filled up your system s RAM. At that point, an inactive process is moved to swap space. You get a performance hit when the inactive process is moved to swap and another hit when that process restarts (moves back to RAM). For example, you might notice a delay on a busy system when you reopen a window that has been minimized for a long time. When RAM and swap fill up, no other processes can start until something closes. Bottom line: Add RAM to get better performance; add swap space if processes are failing to start. Red Hat suggests a minimum of 32MB and maximum of 2GB of swap space. Click the Next button (and select OK to accept any changes) to continue. 13. Configure boot loader. All bootable partitions and default boot loader options are displayed. By default, the install process uses the GRUB boot loader, installs the boot loader in the master boot record of the computer, and chooses Fedora as your default operating system to boot. If you keep the GRUB boot loader (described in Chapter 7), you have the option of adding a GRUB password. The password protects your system from having potentially dangerous options sent to the kernel by someone without that password. This does not have to be the same password you use to log in later. The names shown for each bootable partition will appear on the boot loader screen when the system starts. Change a partition name by clicking it and selecting Edit. To change the location of the boot loader, click Configure Advanced Boot Loader Options, and continue to the next step. If you do not want to install a boot loader (because you don t want to change the current boot loader), click Change Boot Loader and select Do Not Install a Boot Loader. If the defaults are okay, skip the next step. 14. Configure advanced boot loader. To choose where to store the boot loader, select one of the following: Master Boot Record (MBR) This is the preferred place for GRUB. It causes GRUB to control the boot process for all operating systems installed on the hard disk. First Sector of Boot Partition If another boot loader is being used on your computer, you can have GRUB installed on your Linux partition (first sector). This lets you have the other boot loader refer to your GRUB boot loader to boot Fedora. You can choose to add kernel parameters (which may be needed if your computer can t detect certain hardware). Note
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292 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Erasing all hard disks is a drastic step. In case you didn t catch the previous paragraph, the Server type install erases the entire hard disk by default! If you have an existing Windows partition that you want to keep, change the Automatic Partitioning option that appears next either to remove only the Linux Partitions or to use only existing free space. Custom System You are given the choice of configuring your own partitions and selecting your own software packages. Everything and Minimum installs are available under the Custom System selection. If you are just trying out Linux, an Everything custom install gives you all the desktop, server, and development tools that come with Fedora. If you have the disk space, an Everything install saves you the trouble of installing packages you need later. If you plan to use the computer as an Internet server, be selective about which packages you install. Some software packages can represent security risks if they are installed and not configured properly. The steps will now continue through a Custom System installation. (With other installation selections, you can simply skip over steps you are not prompted for.) Although different install classes choose different partitioning methods by default, in all cases you can see and change the partitioning that was chosen for you. 10. Choose your partitioning strategy. You have two choices: Automatically partition All Linux partitions on all hard disks are erased and used for the installation. The installation process automatically handles the partitioning, but it does give you a chance to review your partitioning. Manually partition with Disk Druid Anaconda runs the Disk Druid utility to let you partition your hard disk. If you select Disk Druid for partitioning, refer to the section on partitioning your hard disk in Chapter 7 for details on using those partitioning tools. Click Next to continue. 11. For automatic partitioning, select your partition option. Choose from the following: Remove all Linux partitions on this system Windows and other non- Linux partitions remain intact with this selection. Remove all partitions on this system This erases the entire hard disk. Keep all partitions and use existing free space This works only if you have enough free space on your hard disk that is not currently assigned to any partition. If you have multiple hard disks, you can select which of those disks should be used for your Fedora Core installation. Select the Review check box (so a check mark appears) to see how Linux is choosing to partition your hard disk. Click Next to continue. Note Note Caution
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 291 7. Choose a keyboard. Some layouts enable dead keys (on by default). Dead keys enable you to use characters with special markings (such as circumflexes and umlauts). 8. Choose install type. Select either Install Fedora Core for a new install or Upgrade an Existing Installation to upgrade an existing version of Fedora. 9. Select type for new install. Choose one of the following types (also referred to as classes): Personal Desktop Installs software appropriate for a home or office personal computer or laptop computer. This includes the GNOME desktop (no KDE) and various desktop-related tools (word processors, Internet tools, and so on). Server tools, software development tools, and many system administration tools are not installed. Workstation Similar to a Personal Desktop installation but adds tools for system administration and software development. No server software is installed. Any Linux partitions or free space on your hard disk(s) will be assigned to the new installation with the Personal Desktop or Workstation types of installation. Any Windows partitions (VFAT or FAT32 file system types) will not be touched by this install. After installation, you will be able to boot Linux or Windows. If there is no free space outside your Windows partition, you must run Partition Magic, the parted utility, the FIPS program (described later), or other disk-resizing software before proceeding, or you will lose your Windows installation. Server Server installs the software packages that you would typically need for a Linux server (in particular, Web server, file server, and print server). It does not include many other server types (DHCP, mail, DNS, FTP, SQL, or news servers). The default server install does not include a GUI (so you d better know how to use the shell). This install type also erases all hard disks and assigns them to Linux by default. Caution You can add other options to the linux boot command to identify particular hardware that is not being detected properly. For example, to specify the number of cylinders, heads, and sectors for your hard disk (if you believe the boot process is not detecting these values properly), you can pass the information to the kernel as follows: linux hd=720,32,64. In this example, the kernel is told that the hard disk has 720 cylinders, 32 heads, and 64 sectors. You can find this information in the documentation that comes with your hard disk (or stamped on the hard disk itself on a sticker near the serial number). There are also other boot options you can add to the installation prompt to instruct the installation boot prompt how to start the installation. Many of these options are described in Chapter 11.
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290 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Choosing Different Install Modes Although most computers enable you to install Fedora in the default mode (graphical), there may be times when your video card does not support that mode. Also, although the install process detects most computer hardware, there may be times when your hard disk, Ethernet card, or other critical piece of hardware cannot be detected and will require you to enter special information at boot time. The following is a list of commands that you can type at the installation boot prompt to change installation modes to start the Fedora Core install process. You typically try these modes only if the default mode fails (that is, if the screen is garbled or installation fails at some point). For a list of other supported modes, refer to the /usr/share/doc/ anaconda*/command-line.txt file or press F2 to see short descriptions of some of these types. Command Description linux text Runs installation in a text-based mode. Do this if installation doesn t seem to recognize your graphics card. linux lowres Runs installation in 640 480 screen resolution for graphics cards that can t support the higher resolution. linux nofb Turns off frame buffer. linux noprobe Installation won t probe to determine your hardware; you must load any special drivers that might be needed to install it. Normally, installation auto-probes to determine what hardware you have on your computer. linux mediacheck Check your DVD or CDs before installing. Because media checking is done next in the normal installation process, do this only to test the media on a computer you are not installing on. linux rescue Boots from CD, mounts your hard disk, and lets you access useful utilities to correct problems that are preventing your Linux system from operating properly. (Not really an installation mode.) linux expert Bypasses probing so you can choose your mouse, video memory, and other values that would otherwise be chosen for you. Use if you believe that the installation process is not properly auto-probing your hardware. linux askmethod Has the installation process ask where to install from (local CD, NFS image, FTP, HTTP, or hard disk). linux updates To install from an update disk.
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Chapter 8 . Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 289 Beginning the Installation Once you have selected the right type of installation for your needs, you can begin the installation procedure. Throughout most of the procedure, you can click Back to make changes to earlier screens. However, once you are warned that packages are about to be written to hard disk, there s no turning back. Most items that you configure can be changed after Fedora is installed. It is quite possible that your entire hard disk is devoted to a Windows 95, 98, 2000, ME, NT, or XP operating system, and you may want to keep much of that information after Fedora Core is installed. Personal Desktop, Workstation, and Custom install classes retain existing partitions (by default), but they don t let you take space from existing DOS partitions without destroying them. If you like, you can try resizing your Windows partition using the qtparted utility. You can run qtparted by booting the KNOPPIX distribution that comes on the DVD included with this book. Just be aware that, if used improperly, qtparted (or any disk disk partitioning tool) can damage or erase important data from your hard disk. Ready to install? Here s what to do: 1. Insert the DVD into the DVD drive. (If you are not able to boot from the DVD, obtain an installation CD set as described earlier in this chapter and continue with this procedure by inserting the first CD into the drive.) 2. Start your computer. If you see the Fedora installation screen, continue to the next step. If you don t see the installation screen, your DVD or CD-ROM drive may not be bootable. You may be able to make the drive bootable, though. Here s how: Restart the computer. Immediately, you should see a message telling you how to go into setup, such as by pressing the F1, F2, or Del key. Enter setup and look for an option such as Boot Options or Boot From. If the value is A: First, Then C:, change it to CD-ROM First, Then C: or something similar. Save the changes and try to install again. 3. Boot the install procedure. At the boot prompt, press Enter to start the install in graphical mode. If your computer won t let you install in graphical mode (16-bit color, 800 600 resolution, framebuffer), refer to the Choosing Different Install Modes sidebar. 4. Media check. If you re asked to check your installation media, press Enter. If the DVD is damaged, this step saves you the trouble of getting deep into the install and then failing. Once the DVD is checked, select Skip to continue. 5. Continue. When the welcome screen appears, click Release Notes to see information about this version of Fedora. Click Next when you re ready to continue. 6. Choose an installation language. Move the arrow keys to the language you want and then select Next. (Later, you will be able to add additional languages.) Tip Caution
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288 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Other guides from that Web site might also be interesting to you as you go forward with Fedora Core. You ll need to check for yourself to find out whether the Fedora Project eventually updates the reference guides for Fedora Core. I d suggest trying FedoraForum.org to see what manuals have been created for Fedora Core. Choosing to Install or Upgrade Are you doing a new install or an upgrade? If you are upgrading an existing Red Hat Linux or Fedora system to the latest version, the installation process will try to leave your data files and configuration files intact as much as possible. This type of installation takes longer than a new install. A new install simply erases all data on the Linux partitions (or whole hard disk) that you choose. If you are upgrading an existing Fedora system to this release, you should consider first removing any unwanted packages from your old Fedora system. The fewer to be checked during an upgrade, the faster the upgrade installation (and the less space used). You can upgrade to Fedora Core 4 from previous Fedora or Red Hat Linux systems (such as Red Hat Linux 8 or 9). The further you are from the current release, however, the greater the chance of something going wrong. You cannot upgrade to Fedora Core from a Red Hat Enterprise Linux system. To upgrade, you must have at least a Linux 2.0 kernel installed. With an upgrade, all of your configuration files are saved as filename.rpmsave (for example, the hosts file is saved as hosts.rpmsave). The locations of those files, as well as other upgrade information, is written to /tmp/upgrade.log. The upgrade installs the new kernel, any changed software packages, and any packages that the installed packages depend on being there. Your data files and configuration information should remain intact. By clicking the Customize box, you can choose which packages to upgrade. If you are installing a dual-boot system that includes a Windows operating system, install the Windows system first and the Fedora Core system afterward. Some Windows systems blow away the Master Boot Record (MBR), making the Fedora Core partition inaccessible. If, when installing Windows or Fedora, you find that the other operating system is no longer available on your boot screen, don t panic and don t immediately reinstall. You can usually recover from the problem by booting with the Fedora emergency boot disk and then using either the grub-install or lilo command to reinsert the proper MBR. If you are uncomfortable working in emergency mode, seek out an expert to help you. Red Hat provides a description of how to configure a dual-boot system at www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-9-Manual/install-guide/ ch-x86-dualboot.html. Caution Note
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