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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 333 The DVD that comes with this book includes the first of five OpenSUSE 10.0 CDs that you can copy and use. If you want to download the complete OpenSUSE set or a trial version of SUSE Linux, go to the OpenSUSE download page (www.opensuse .org/us/private/Download). In either case, you have to burn the CD image to a CD yourself. (See Appendix A for information on how to do that.) If you like SUSE and want a commercial version, select the How to Buy link at the SUSE Linux site (www.novell.com/products/suselinux). You can purchase a boxed set of SUSE Linux, which includes installation support, some non-open source software (such as multimedia plug-ins and java support) and hardcopy documentation. Or you can choose one of the other editions, such as the SUSE Linux Enterprise Server edition, which also include support and documentation. The installation description in this chapter covers installs on Intel x86 PCs. If you have AMD 64-bit or Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology systems, you need to purchase the SUSE Linux boxed set, which includes installation media for both of those types of hardware. Before You Begin To install SUSE, you need at least 96MB of main memory. The entire SUSE default installation requires about 2GB of disk space, although you can get by with less by deselecting packages during installation. Installation should work on any Pentiumclass x86 PC. The description here tells how to install by booting the installation CD and installing the software from that medium. If you don t have a bootable CD, you can create a boot floppy from the floppy image on the CD. To see available boot images and descriptions of how to create boot floppies, refer to the README file in the /boot directory on the SUSE installation CD. Although you need a boot CD or floppy disk to begin the installation, the actual software you are installing can reside in other locations. In fact, because I m providing the SUSE network install CD image, you need a network card installed on your computer and a connection to the Internet to complete the installation. Then, SUSE software can be gathered from the following types of locations: . FTP From the installation boot prompt, identify the location of the directory on an FTP server that contains the contents of the SUSE packages. For example, to install from the /install directory from the FTP server at 10.0.0.1, type the following at the boot prompt: install=ftp://10.0.0.1/install . HTTP To use a Web (http) server instead of an FTP server, type the following: install=http://10.0.0.1/install Note
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332 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution After you have selected the updates you want and clicked OK, you can watch the progress as each patch and updated package is downloaded and installed. Having security-related patches and other fixes separated and the ability to read all about each software update and patch right on the YaST window before you start downloading are features that set YOU apart from methods of doing upgrades from other Linux distributions. Getting Support for SUSE SUSE has an excellent support database and full-time support staff. You can search many of the articles on the site for free and check out the FAQs. Paid support options are available as well. The SUSE Linux Portal (http://portal.suse.com) is the place to search for answers about using SUSE. To try the free search engine at the site, just select Search. You don t need a user account to search articles related to SUSE Linux, although you do need one to search articles related to Linux business products from SUSE. To get an account, select the Sign Up Here link from the SUSE Linux Portal page. If you have purchased your SUSE distribution, you can use that account to register your SUSE product. Having a registered SUSE product lets you use your account to get free installation information and other support services. With the split of OpenSUSE and SUSE Linux, look for many of SUSE s online resources to be divided as well. For example, SUSE resources are already being directed to either Novell.com or OpenSUSE.org sites. If you are learning or trying out OpenSUSE as your entry into SUSE Linux products, you should start at the OpenSUSE.org site for information on downloads, documentation, and communications opportunities (mailing lists, forums, IRC, and so on). At the time of this writing, SUSE is offering a free 30-day evaluation for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server if you want to download it. That evaluation includes installation support and upgrade protection. Check the Novell (www.novell.com) and SUSE (www.suse.com) Web sites to see if any evaluation specials are currently available. Installing OpenSUSE The SUSE installation procedure described here is for OpenSUSE Linux 10.0. This edition is available free of charge. Functionally, it is almost exactly the same as the SUSE Linux 10.0 boxed set version that Novell sells. The primary differences between the two are product support (only with SUSE Linux) and inclusion of some non-open source software (also only with SUSE Linux). So, essentially, these instructions should work equally well for both SUSE and OpenSUSE 10.0. Note
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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 331 . Querying the RPM database One of the best features of the RPM facility is that you can find out a lot of information about the software packages that are installed. The query option (-q) lets you list package names, descriptions, and contents in various ways. Here are a few examples: # rpm -qa xmms # rpm -ql xmms | less # rpm -qi xmms | less The first example (-qa) searches for the xmms package and reports the current version of the package that is installed. In the second, -ql lists all files in the xmms package and then pipes that output to the less command to page through it. And finally, -qi displays a description and other information about the xmms package. . Verifying installed packages Use rpm to verify the contents of an RPM package. The -V option enables you to check whether any of the files in a package have been tampered with. Here is an example: # rpm -V aaa_base ..5….T c /etc/inittab S.5….T /etc/profile.d/alias.ash -V checks whether any of the contents of the aaa_base package (which contains some basic system configuration files) have been modified. The output shows that the inittab and alias.ash files have been modified from the originals. The 5 indicates that the md5sum of the files differ, while the T indicates that the time stamp on the file differs. On the alias.ash file, the S shows that the size of the file is different. The rpm command has many other options as well. To find out more about them, type man rpm from any shell. Automated Software Updates As of version 7.1, SUSE Linux includes an automatic update agent. The YaST Online Update (YOU) utility is built right into the YaST facility and offers an easy way to get updates, security patches, and bug fixes for SUSE by downloading and installing them from software repositories over the network. From within YaST, select YOU. YaST shows you the location of mirror sites and then enables you to begin retrieving software updates with a single click. It presents you with a list of patches from which you can choose. Security patches are in red, all recommended patches are selected, and optional patches are shown (unselected). It s easy to see all available patches and read their descriptions to determine if you want them.
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330 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution . Defines network services With a connection to your LAN or WAN, YaST provides some helpful graphical tools for configuring some services that can be unintuitive to configure from the command line. . Changes security settings Security settings in Linux are often among the most unintuitive features to configure, while at the same time being among the most important. Although features such as iptables work great for most Linux gurus for setting up a firewall, people who are accustomed to graphical interfaces may find them challenging. From the YaST Security and Users selection, the Firewall icon enables you to step through your network interfaces and add access to those services you want by name (such as Web Server, Mail Server, and Other Services) or by port number. It even enables you to do initial setup of more complex firewall features, such as packet forwarding, IP Masquerading, and logging. To make your way around the graphical YaST interface, you need only to click the mouse and use the Tab key to move between fields. For the text-based YaST interface, you can use the Tab and arrow keys to move among the selections and the Enter key to select the currently highlighted item. RPM Package Management Like Red Hat Linux, SUSE packages its software using the RPM package management file format and related tools. RPM contains a lot of features for adding, removing, and managing software in SUSE. Although software packages in the Red Hat and SUSE distributions are different, the tools you use for managing packages in those two distributions are the same. You use the rpm utility to work with RPM software packages. Here s a list of some of its features: . Installing local or remote packages You can use the rpm command to add a software package to SUSE, and rpm doesn t care if the package is in the local directory, CD, or remote computer (providing you have network access to that computer). A remote package can be available on a Web server (http://) or FTP server (ftp://). Here s an example of using an rpm command to install a software package from an FTP server: # rpm -iv ftp://ftp.linuxtoys.net/pub/suse/10.0/abc.i586.rpm In this example, the -i option says to install the package, and the -v option says to give verbose output as the package is installed. The fictitious package (abc.i586.rpm) is installed from an FTP repository. If there are dependency or access issues, rpm informs you and fails. Otherwise, the package is installed. (The -U option is often used instead of the -i option to install RPMs because -U succeeds even if the package is already installed. The -U says to upgrade the package.)
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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 329 Figure 10-2: Use the arrow and Tab keys to navigate YaST in text mode. YaST offers you some intuitive tools for configuring your system and comes preconfigured so you start with a nice set of defaults. YaST also does a good job detecting your hardware, finding partitions, and the like, so a new user can often just accept the settings YaST chooses. Here are some examples of what YaST does for you: . Detects hardware You don t have to check through /etc configuration files or run lsmod to see how your hardware has been configured in SUSE. From the Hardware section, you can select icons representing your CD drives, graphics cards, printers, joysticks, scanners, sound cards, and mice. Click the Hardware information icon to see your full list of detected hardware. . Manages system configuration Like Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE stores much of the information it uses to configure services at boot time in files in the /etc/sysconfig directory. The information in those files is in the form VARIABLE= VALUE . Under the YaST System icon, you can select the sysconfig Editor, which lets you select each file and then view and possibly change each variable so that you don t have to guess what variables are available for each configuration. For more advanced system administrators, this is a great way to fine-tune the startup services for your system. SUSE also includes a System Configuration Profile Management (SCPM) applet, which lets you store and manage a collection of system settings so it can be used again later. . Configures network devices YaST detects your dial-up modem, Ethernet card, DSL modem, or ISDN hardware, and gives you the opportunity to configure each piece of hardware. SUSE also does a much better job than most distributions at getting Winmodems working in Linux, which is particularly useful for using dial-up features on laptops that have cheap, built-in modems.
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328 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution YaST (which stands for Yet Another Setup Tool) was, until recently, proprietary code that was not available as open source. However, to gain wider acceptance for YaST among major computing clients as a framework for managing a range of computing services, Novell released YaST under the GNU Public License in March 2004. YaST makes obvious what you need to do to install Linux. Hardware detection is done before your eyes. You can set up your disk partitions graphically (no need to remember options to the fdisk command). Setting up the GRUB boot loader is done for you, with the option to modify it yourself. One of the nice features of YaST installation is that you can scan the configuration process without stepping through every feature. If you scan through the mouse, keyboard, installation mode, partitioning, and other information and they look okay, you can click Accept and just keep going. Or you can change any of those settings you choose. (The Installing OpenSUSE section later in this chapter details the installation process with YaST.) Because YaST offers both graphical (QT) and text-based (ncurses) interfaces, you can use YaST as a configuration tool from the desktop or the shell. To start YaST from the desktop, click the SUSE button on the desktop panel and select System. YaST. Figure 10-1 shows what the graphical version of the YaST utility looks like. Figure 10-1: Configure common Linux features using the YaST utility. Launching the YaST utility actually involves running the /sbin/yast2 command. When you run /sbin/yast2, YaST starts in graphical mode by default. (An alternative is to run kdesu /sbin/yast from a Terminal window, which starts YaST in text mode.) Figure 10-2 shows what YaST looks like when started in text mode from a Terminal window.
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Chapter 10 . Running SUSE Linux 327 Despite Novell s huge lead in the network computing market, file and printer sharing features in Windows and late entry into the TCP/IP (Internet) arena caused Novell to lose its market dominance in the 1990s. Although its NetWare products contained excellent features for directory services and managing network resources, Novell didn t have end-to-end computing solutions. NetWare relied on Windows for client computers and lacked high-end server products. Novell s association with the UNIX operating system in the early 1990s makes an interesting footnote in the history of Linux. Novell purchased UNIX System V source code from AT&T and set out to make its resulting UNIXWare product (a UNIX desktop product for x86 processors) a competitor to Microsoft s growing dominance on the desktop. The effort was half-hearted, and in the mid-1990s Novell gave the UNIX trademark to the Open Group and sold the UNIX source code to SCO. Novell s purchase of SUSE marks its second major attempt to fill in its product line with a UNIX-like desktop and server product. From the early returns, it appears that Novell is doing a better job with Linux than it did with UNIX. What s in SUSE Unlike distributions geared toward more technical users, such as Gentoo and Slackware, you can configure and launch most major features of SUSE Linux by selecting menus on the desktop. New Linux users should find SUSE to be very comfortable for daily use and basic administration. Like Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE is made to have a more cohesive look-and-feel than most Linux distributions that are geared toward Linux enthusiasts. In other words, you aren t required to put together a lot of SUSE by hand just to get it working. Although SUSE is ultimately aimed more toward enterprise computing, it also works well as a home desktop system. Let s explore what OpenSUSE and SUSE Linux offers you. Installation and Configuration with YaST A set of modules that can be used to configure your SUSE system is gathered together under the YaST facility. Because many of the features needed in a Linux installer are also needed to configure a running system (network, security, software, and other setup features), YaST does double duty as an installer and an administrative tool.
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326 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution This chapter describes the features and approach to Linux that sets SUSE apart from other Linux distributions. It also explains how to install the OpenSUSE Linux 10.0 distribution that is included with this book. The current versions of OpenSUSE and SUSE Linux (10.0) feature the YaST installer, KDE 3.4.2 desktop environment (default), GNOME 2.12, Firefox 1.0, GIMP 2.2, Apache 2.0.53, MySQL 4.1.10, and OpenOffice.org 2.0. All SUSE Linux 10.0 packages are listed at this URL: www.novell.com/products/linuxpackages/professional/index_all.html With the split between SUSE and OpenSUSE, Linux product names from Novell have changed significantly in the past year. Most significantly, what was previously called SUSE Professional Linux is now simply called SUSE Linux. The OpenSUSE version of SUSE Linux 10.0 is sometimes called SUSE 10.0 OSS. Understanding SUSE If you are looking for a Linux system with the stability and support on which you can bet your business, SUSE offers impressive, stable Linux products backed by a company (Novell, Inc.) that has been selling enterprise solutions for a long time. SUSE s product offerings range from personal desktop systems to enterprise-quality servers. SUSE began as a German version of Slackware in 1992, on 40 floppy disks, and was first officially released on CD (SUSE Linux 1.0) in 1994. Founded by Hubert Mantel, Burchard Steinbild, Roland Dyroff, and Thomas Fehr, SUSE set out as a separate distribution from Slackware to enhance the software in the areas of installation and administration. Although SUSE had success and respect with its Linux distribution, it was not profitable, and Novell s $210 million offer for SUSE was seen as a good thing both for SUSE and for Linux in general. SUSE was running short on cash, and Novell was looking for a way to regain its stature as a growth company in the enterprise and network-computing arena. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Novell was the world s number-one computer networking company. Before the Internet took hold, Novell s NetWare servers and IPX/SPX protocols were the most popular ways to connect PCs together on LANs. International training, support, and sales teams brought Novell products to businesses and organizations around the world. Note
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Running SUSE Linux For the past few years, SUSE has been the most popular Linux distribution in Europe. Since the U.S. networking company Novell, Inc. purchased SUSE in November 2003, SUSE has been positioning itself to challenge Red Hat to become the dominant Linux distribution for large enterprise computing environments worldwide. The DVD that comes with this book contains CD images of OpenSUSE Linux 10.0. You can burn those images to CD as described in Appendix A and install them as described later in this chapter. Like Red Hat Linux, SUSE is an excellent first Linux for people who prefer to work from a graphical desktop rather than from the command line. Likewise, Novell s Linux product line is geared toward enterprise computing, so the skills you gain using SUSE on your home Linux system will be useful in a business environment as well. SUSE has a slick graphical installer that leads you through installation and intuitive administrative tools, consolidated under a facility called YaST. SUSE and its parent company Novell offer a range of Linux products and support plans that scale up to enterprise computing, as well as free, binary versions of SUSE that you can use with limited support. In 2005, Novell refocused its development efforts to do as Red Hat does with its Red Hat Enterprise Linux product and Fedora project: Novell formed the OpenSUSE project that, like the Fedora project, produces a free community-driven Linux system that feed into Novell s for-profit Linux systems. Unlike Fedora and RHEL, however, OpenSUSE and SUSE are, so far, following the same release numbers. They are differentiated by the fact that OpenSUSE offers no official Novell support and SUSE may contain some non-open source software. On the DVD-ROM 1C H A0P0T E R . . . . In This Chapter Understanding SUSE What s in SUSE Getting support for SUSE Installing SUSE . . . .
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Chapter 9 . Running Debian GNU/Linux 323 Summary The reliability of Debian GNU/Linux, combined with the large number of high-quality packages available for it, make Debian a great choice for both workstations and servers. The carefully executed releases and the capability to upgrade most software without rebooting serve to further increase its suitability as a server operating system. APT is a primary tool for installing, removing, and upgrading packages. This chapter explored how to use the apt-get and apt-cache utilities for package management. The chapter also covered the installation of package sets (tasks) using the tasksel utility and managing package configuration with the dpkg-reconfigure utility. . . .
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