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354 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Testing the CD If you suspect that you have a bad KNOPPIX CD, I recommend you run this from the boot prompt: knoppix testcd If you are still not able to boot KNOPPIX at this point, it might be that your hardware is either not supported or is broken in some way. To further pursue the problem, check out an appropriate forum at www.knoppix.net. Running KNOPPIX from RAM To improve performance, KNOPPIX offers a way to run the entire KNOPPIX distribution from RAM (provided you have enough available) or install it on hard disk and run it from there. Provided that you have more than 1GB of RAM, you can run KNOPPIX entirely from RAM (so you can remove the KNOPPIX DVD or CD and use that drive while you run KNOPPIX) by typing the following from the boot prompt: knoppix toram Installing KNOPPIX to Hard Disk You can run KNOPPIX entirely from hard disk if your hard disk is either a FAT or EXT2 file system type and contains at least 800MB of space. To do this, you must know the name of the hard disk partition you are installing on. For example, to use the first partition on the first IDE drive you would use /dev/hda1. In that case, to copy KNOPPIX to that disk partition, you would type this at the boot prompt: knoppix tohd=/dev/hda1 You can watch as KNOPPIX is copied to your hard disk partition and then boots automatically from there. The next time you want to boot KNOPPIX, you can boot it from hard disk again by inserting the KNOPPIX medium and typing the following: knoppix fromhd=/dev/hda1 With KNOPPIX running from your hard disk, you can safely eject your CD or DVD and use the drive for other things (type eject /dev/cdrom). Refer to the knoppixcheatcodes. txt file for information on other things you can do from the KNOPPIX boot prompt. Using KNOPPIX Rather than go over how to use the features in KNOPPIX that are common to many Linux systems (KDE, Internet tools, word processors, and so on), I ll give you a quick tour of the special features in KNOPPIX. If your computer booted KNOPPIX properly, you should see a screen that is similar to the one shown in Figure 11-1.
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 353 Table 11-3 Boot Options to Fix Video Problems Option Result knoppix noddc No Display Data Channel (DDC) detection of monitor. knoppix screen=?? Pick X screen resolution. Replace ?? with 640 480, 800 600, 1024 768, 1280 1024, or any other resolution supported by your video card. knoppix xvrefresh=60 Set vertical refresh rate to 60 Hz for X (or other value as specified by monitor s manual). knoppix xhrefresh=80 Set horizontal refresh rate to 80 Hz for X (or other value as specified by monitor s manual). knoppix xserver=?? Replace ?? with XFree86 or XF86_SVGA. knoppix xmodule=?? Select the specific driver to use for your video card. Replace ?? with one of the following: ati, fbdev, i810, mga, nv, radeon, savage, s3radeon, svga, or i810. knoppix 2 Runlevel 2, Text mode only. knoppix vga=normal No-framebuffer mode, but X. knoppix fb1280×1024 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (1). knoppix fb1024×768 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (2). knoppix fb800×600 Use fixed framebuffer graphics (3). Customizing KNOPPIX Several boot options exist that tell KNOPPIX to look for a customized home directory or configuration information on hard disk or floppy. See the Keeping Your KNOPPIX Configuration section later in this chapter for information on how to both save a customized KNOPPIX configuration and tell KNOPPIX where to look for that customized information at boot time. (Unless they were created from KNOPPIX, most other Linux distributions will not use these boot options.) Special Features and Workarounds Other boot options are described in the knoppix-cheatcodes.txt file mentioned earlier. Things you can do with boot options include changing the splash screen when KNOPPIX boots, running in expert mode so you can load your own drivers, testing your computer s RAM, and trying to overcome special problems with laptop computers.
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352 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution If there is hardware being improperly detected or configured, you can have KNOPPIX skip over that hardware. Table 11-2 contains options for skipping or turning off various hardware features: Table 11-2 Boot Options to Turn Off Hardware Option Result knoppix atapicd No SCSI-Emulation for IDE CD-ROMs. knoppix noagp No detection of AGP graphics card. knoppix noapic Disable Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (can overcome some problems on SMP computers). knoppix acpi=off Disable Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI). knoppix noapm No Advanced Power Management support. (With a working acpi, apm will be off by default. Only one can be active at a time.) knoppix noaudio No sound support. knoppix nodhcp Don t try to start your network connection automatically via DHCP. knoppix fstab Don t read the fstab file to find file systems to mount or check. knoppix firewire No detection of Firewire devices. knoppix nopcmcia No detection of PCMCIA card slots. knoppix noscsi No detection of SCSI devices. knoppix noswap No detection of swap partitions. knoppix nousb No detection of USB devices. knoppix pnpbios=off Don t initialize plug-and-play (PnP) in the BIOS. knoppix failsafe Do almost no hardware detection. Table 11-3 lists options that may help if you are having trouble with your video card. Several of these options are particularly useful if you are having trouble with X on a laptop.
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 351 KNOPPIX directory when you mount the CD or the DVD that comes with this book on any operating system. Many boot options can be used with different Linux systems. So if you are having trouble installing or booting a different Linux distribution, you can try any of these options to see if they work. Instead of the word knoppix, you will probably use a different word to launch the install or boot process for other distributions (such as linux for Red Hat Linux systems or morphix for Morphix Live-CD, depending on the distribution). When KNOPPIX first begins the boot process, you see the boot screen, with the boot: prompt at the bottom. The following tables provide boot prompt options that can help you get KNOPPIX running the way you like. Table 11-1 shows options to use when you want specific features turned on that may not be turned on by default when you boot. Table 11-1 Boot Options to Select Features Option Feature knoppix lang=?? Choose a specific language/keyboard. Replace ?? with one of the following: cn, de, da, es, fr, it, nl, pl, ru, sk, tr, tw, uk, or us. knoppix desktop=?? Instead of using the KDE desktop (kde), replace ?? with one of the following window managers: fluxbox, icewm, larswm, twm, wmaker, or xfce. knoppix blind Start BrailleTerminal (running without X). knoppix brltty=type,port,table Add parameters to use for the Braille device. knoppix wheelmouse For a wheel mouse, enable IMPS/2 protocol. knoppix nowheelmouse For a regular PS/2 mouse, force PS/2 protocol. knoppix keyboard=us xkeyboard=us Assign different keyboard drivers to use with text (shell) and graphical (X). knoppix dma Turn on DMA acceleration for all IDE drives. knoppix alsa knoppix alsa=es1938 Select either of these two notations to select to use the ALSA driver (do at your own risk).
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350 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Booting KNOPPIX If you have a PC in front of you that meets the requirements, you can get started by following these steps: 1. Insert your KNOPPIX DVD or CD into the appropriate drive. 2. Reboot the computer. After a few moments, you will see the boot screen. Although the boot screens look different for the Linux Bible DVD and a regular KNOPPIX CD, you can proceed with the boot process the same way. 3. Press Enter. If all goes well, you should see the KNOPPIX desktop, and you can proceed to the Using KNOPPIX section. If KNOPPIX doesn t boot up properly or if you want to tune it further before it boots, continue on to the next section. Correcting Boot Problems By understanding a bit about the boot process you will, in most cases, be able to overcome any problems you might have installing KNOPPIX. Here are some things you should know: . Check boot order Your computer s BIOS has a particular order in which it looks for bootable operating systems. A typical order would be floppy, CD or DVD, and hard disk. If your computer skips over the KNOPPIX boot disk and boots right from hard disk, make sure that the boot order in the BIOS is set to boot from CD or DVD. To change the BIOS, restart the computer and as it first boots the hardware enter Setup (quickly) as instructed (usually by pressing F1, F2, or DEL). Look for a selection to change the boot order so that your CD or DVD boots before the hard disk. . Make boot floppies If your computer still can t boot from CD or DVD, you can create two floppy boot disks to start the boot process. To create the floppy boot disks from a running KNOPPIX system, run the mkbootfloppy command that is on the KNOPPIX disk (it automatically finds the floppy images and tells you when to put in the floppy disks). To create KNOPPIX floppy disks on other operating systems, refer to the KNOPPIX wiki (www.knoppix.net/wiki/MainPage). . Add boot options Instead of just letting the boot process autodetect and configure everything about your hardware, you can add options to the boot prompt that will override what KNOPPIX autoconfiguration might do. Press F2 from the boot prompt to see additional boot options. Some boot options are available with which you can try to overcome different issues at boot time. KNOPPIX refers to these options as cheat codes. For a more complete list, refer to the file knoppix-cheatcodes.txt, which you ll find in the Note
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 349 Starting KNOPPIX It s supposed to be easy to start KNOPPIX. With KNOPPIX in hand, all you really need is a PC that meets the minimum specifications. Getting a Computer If you are ready to start KNOPPIX, I recommend the following: . A PC You need a PC that meets the minimal processor and memory requirements I describe a bit later. There are no hard disk space requirements, because you don t need to touch the hard disk. To get better performance on low-RAM systems, however, you might want to create a swap partition on hard disk to enable you to run more processes (as described later). . Permission to reboot KNOPPIX is going to take over operation of the PC, so you need to be sure that it s okay to reboot it. Make sure that nobody else is currently using the computer or relying on it to be accessible over a network. . Internet connection (optional) It isn t necessary, but if your computer has an Ethernet card and a connection to the Internet, you can immediately start using KNOPPIX to browse the Web and otherwise take advantage of its communications tools. KNOPPIX will try to detect a DHCP server (to get an IP address and other information) and automatically configure itself to use the Internet or other network that is available. The system requirements for running KNOPPIX are much lower than you need for most of the latest Linux systems. According to Klaus Knopper, you need: . CPU Intel-compatible i486 or better. . RAM 20MB (for text mode), 82MB (for graphics mode with KDE), or 128MB (to also run most office applications). . Bootable drive (DVD drive to use the DVD or CD to use a CD) KNOPPIX is able to boot from drives that are IDE/ATAPI, Firewire, USB, or SCSI (provided that your computer can boot from those devices). Otherwise, you can create a boot floppy to start the process of booting KNOPPIX (described later). If you have a DVD drive, you can boot KNOPPIX directly from the DVD that comes with this book. . Graphics card Must be SVGA-compatible. . Mouse Supports any standard serial mouse, PS/2 mouse, or IMPS/2-compatible USB mouse.
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348 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution . Your own, portable operating system You don t have to carry around a laptop or whole PC to make sure you have the software you need. Instead, you can use any PC that is available (with the exception of some unsupported hardware) and boot your whole computing environment with a single CD or floppy. By customizing your own KNOPPIX, you can add your own data and pick and choose applications as well. . A tool for managing data on any PC You can bypass the operating system and other software on any computer and use the applications on your KNOPPIX disk to manage the data on that computer. Of course, these concepts are not exclusive to KNOPPIX because you could conceptually do the same thing with any boot floppy since the days of DOS (as well as any other bootable Linux). The difference is that KNOPPIX does those things so well. It lets you take over a computer, not just with a tiny rescue disk capable of running a few obtuse commands, but with at full-scale desktop, server, and administrative tool kit operating system. With that in mind, here are some ways people are using KNOPPIX: . Showing off Linux A demo can lack some punch when you have to spend an hour installing before you can make your point. With KNOPPIX, it can take about 5 minutes from the time you tell your friend about Linux to the time you have a complete desktop system running on his PC. And in the process, you don t have to worry about harming anything on his computer because you don t even need to touch his hard disk. . Testing a computer for Linux Instead of getting halfway through an install to see if your PC is capable of running Linux, you can boot KNOPPIX. If it works, you can check to see what drivers were loaded to deal with your hardware (type lsmod from a shell) and then go ahead and install any Linux you like to the hard disk. . Rescuing a computer or network Many tools for tracking down and fixing problems on both Linux and Windows systems are included in KNOPPIX. There is also a Knoppix-STD edition that includes dozens more tools for rescuing broken systems and tracing network problems (see www.knoppix-std.org). . Taking over a broken server If a Web server, file server, or firewall has been hacked or otherwise broken, you might be able to use KNOPPIX to safely serve the data from a KNOPPIX boot disk while you fix the problem. . Doing anything you want For those of us who have gotten used to using Linux, it s a pain to go somewhere and have to do work or make a presentation on a computer that doesn t have the tools you need. By bringing the whole operating system, all your software tools and sometimes even your data (with a customized CD, separate floppy, pen drive, or downloaded files), your computing environment can be the same wherever you go. Now that you have some idea of what to do with KNOPPIX, let s get started.
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 347 Seeing Where KNOPPIX Comes From KNOPPIX was created by Klaus Knopper in Germany. Knopper follows in the great tradition of naming a distribution using a part of the creator s own name with ix or ux stuck on the end. While a groundswell of interest and support has appeared for KNOPPIX in the past few years, Knopper himself thinks of KNOPPIX more as a collection of tools he needs than as a full Linux distribution. Knopper works to provide only software that can be distributed freely, for both noncommercial and commercial use. He doesn t even include some free software (such as browser plug-ins) that might restrict free redistribution, although he doesn t object to including non open source software that can still be freely distributed. There is no big company behind KNOPPIX, and development efforts continue to be headed up by Knopper himself. There are, however, many people who contribute bug reports and enhancement requests (see www.knoppix.net/bugs), and there are other developers who have helped create software specifically for KNOPPIX (in particular, Fabian Franz who, among other things, has contributed significant work to KNOPPIX installer-related features). The only official KNOPPIX Web site is Knopper s own personal site: www.knopper. net/knoppix/index-en.html. If you are looking for a way to get information and become involved with others who use and develop the system, the Knoppix.net site offers a very active forum and links to information about other KNOPPIX resources. It s a great place not only to get your questions answered, but also to find a wealth of links to FAQs, HOWTOs, and related projects. There is also an IRC channel (#knoppix on irc.freenode.net) and a wiki used primarily to gather documentation (www.knoppix.net/wiki/MainPage). If you are considering creating your own customized distribution, tools for that purpose are currently under development and may be included with versions of KNOPPIX by the time you read this text. In the meantime, you can check out some remaster tools at http://debian.tu-bs.de/knoppix/remaster/. You can find out about versions that have already been created from the KNOPPIX Customizations page: www.knoppix.net/wiki/MainPage. Exploring Uses for KNOPPIX Because there is so much you can do with KNOPPIX, it s hard to choose just a few to highlight. So, let s start with a few concepts to help think about what you can do with KNOPPIX:
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346 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Examining Challenges with KNOPPIX For most people, KNOPPIX is a special-use Linux system. It s a great way to try Linux or to access a computer that isn t set up the way you like. However, there are a few challenges with using KNOPPIX that you should keep in mind: . Reboot clears out KNOPPIX Unless you save your data to some other media (which you can do, as I describe later in this chapter), the entire KNOPPIX system goes away when you reboot. That means files on the desktop, installed software, system configuration, and anything else you do during your KNOPPIX session will be gone unless you explicitly save that information to a hard disk or some removable medium (floppy, CD, and so on). . Memory limitations KNOPPIX is made to be able to run without touching your hard disk, so when you save files to KNOPPIX, they are (by default) stored in your computer s memory (RAM). On my desktop system, which has 512MB of RAM, KNOPPIX assigned about 3MB to the root (/) partition and 396MB to ramdisk (to provide space in the /var and /home directories, where data is normally stored). So there is only about 100MB left to hold all the running applications. . Performance hits Even with today s faster CD and DVD drives, it s still slower getting data from CDs and DVDs than it is getting them from a local hard disk. Almost every component needed to run KNOPPIX (commands, libraries, and so on) is grabbed from the CD or DVD and decompressed onthe- fly. So it can take a bit longer to run commands with KNOPPIX than it would to run them from hard disk. Watch the blinking light on your CD or DVD drive to see how often KNOPPIX goes there to get data. . Uses your CD/DVD drive Because KNOPPIX relies so heavily on data from the CD or DVD, you can t remove it while you are using the system. So, if you have only one drive for removable media, you can t use it to access a music CD, install from another software disk, or burn data while you are using KNOPPIX. If you have more than 1GB of RAM on your computer, you can use the toram boot option to KNOPPIX. This will not only allow you to remove the KNOPPIX disk, since everything is running from RAM, but will also cause KNOPPIX to run faster than a Linux installed on a hard disk would run. I must admit that the challenges described here are more of an explanation of how KNOPPIX works than they are problems with KNOPPIX itself. The idea that you can run a full-blown desktop and server operating system from a single CD (with nearly 2GB of available applications) is an awesome concept for someone who still remembers DOS and character terminals. Note
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Chapter 11 . Running KNOPPIX 345 . Configuration tools Some hardware either can t be perfectly detected or requires some extra setup. You can access KNOPPIX-specific configuration tools for configuring your printer, TV card, sound card, network connections, and other features by clicking the desktop icon that looks like a squished penguin. . Save setup You don t have to lose the configuration you have done for KNOPPIX every time you reboot. Click the configuration icon to save your configuration including your personal desktop configuration, files on the desktop, network settings, and graphics setup (X) to floppy disk or USB memory stick. . Persistent desktop You also can use the configuration icon to create a persistent KNOPPIX home directory on your hard disk or other medium so that you can store and reuse your desktop setup information and any data you save from session to session. (See the Creating a Persistent Home Directory section later in this chapter for details on setting up a persistent desktop.) . Add swap If you are using KNOPPIX from a computer with Linux installed, it automatically uses a swap partition that is set up there. On DOS and Windows systems, KNOPPIX enables you to create an extra swap area if you have space on an available DOS partition. (The mkdosswapfile command is used for this purpose.) . Work with Windows files KNOPPIX includes experimental drivers for using Microsoft Windows NTFS file systems. The drivers enable you to read and write files from your hard disk if you are booting KNOPPIX from a PC with Windows installed. (Writing to NTFS partitions from KNOPPIX is still considered experimental, so consider using an NTFS partition in read-only mode if the partition contains critical data.) For example, say that you have your entire music collection, images downloaded from your digital camera, and personal Web pages on your hard disk on a computer that was set up to be booted by Microsoft Windows XP. You boot KNOPPIX instead (notice that Microsoft Windows is not running at all). Suddenly your hard disk is just a place that holds a lot of files. You can now use applications that come with KNOPPIX to open the files on your hard disk to play the music, view or manipulate images, and display or change Web pages. A testament to how well KNOPPIX is respected is how many other bootable Linux distributions are based on it. The KNOPPIX project even provides a KNOPPIXcustomize package that lets anyone make his own customized KNOPPIX. There are specialized KNOPPIX derivatives that can be used to rescue a broken computer, play a range of multimedia content, or run a specific application. See Chapter 18 for information on using a bootable Linux as a firewall/router and Chapter 19 for descriptions of many other bootable Linux distributions. Cross- Reference
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