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Chapter 12 . Running Yellow Dog Linux 381 The Linux community is generally very supportive of new users, and you can find help from local Linux User Groups (LUGs) or via many places on the Internet. Summary Yellow Dog Linux is a very stable, fully functioning version of Fedora Core available on the PowerPC platform. It has the capability to extend the life of your Mac hardware and to run Mac OS 9 or below or even Mac OS X on your running Linux installation using Mac-on-Linux. Linux is not the sole domain of the X86 community, and now PowerPC users can use Linux while still enjoying their Mac OS or Mac OS X environment through multibooting or using the innovative Mac-on-Linux software. As Apple plans to move its product lines from PowerPC to x86 architecture, look for the sponsor of Yellow Dog Linux, Terra Soft Solutions, to set its own course for supporting Linux distributions that run on Power hardware. Already, Terra Soft Solutions has begun delivering high-performance rackmounted computers based on Power architecture, along with workstations that focus on strong multimedia support for traditional Mac users looking to switch to Linux. . . .
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380 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Support Options If you run into problems using or installing Yellow Dog Linux, you can obtain support in many ways. The Linux community is very supportive, proffering numerous Web pages available to assist the newcomer. If you encounter problems with hardware, try one of the following options: . Yellow Dog Mailing List Archive Search A free service that enables you to search some of the more common problems encountered by users. Use the Search Lists box at the top-right side of the http://yellowdoglinux.com/ support/installation/ page. . Yellow Dog Community Board Another free support option that is run by Yellow Dog Linux enthusiasts. It is available at http://yellowdog-board.com/. . Yellow Dog Mail Lists If your questions don t get answered through the preceding sites, you can subscribe to some of the numerous Yellow Dog mailing lists where you can ask your questions. Directions for use are at http:// lists.terrasoftsolutions.com/mailman/listinfo. . Yellow Dog Linux User Channel If you are comfortable with IRC (Internet Relay Chat), you can use irc.freenode.net and join #yellowdog for community- driven interactive support. . Yellow Dog Official Support If you can t find the information you need from the previous sources or http://yellowdoglinux.com/support/ installation/, you can purchase support from Terra Soft Solutions through http://terrasoftsolutions.com/tss_contact.shtml. If you purchased Yellow Dog Linux through Terra Soft Solutions with 60 days of support, you can contact the company through http://terrasoftsolutions.com/ support/. If you need software support after your installation, use some of the other more generic support options available from the Linux community. These options include using a search engine to search for the problem and visiting community-driven Web sites such as the following: . The Linux Documentation Project (http://tldp.org/) The premier Web site for how-to guides for using the Linux operating system. . Linux Journal Help Desk (http://linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php) Offers guidance on using Linux. . Just Linux (http://justlinux.com/) Offers some basic guides on Linux use. . Linux.com Tips (http://tips.linux.com/) Offers some great tips. You can use your favorite search engine to find more of the many, many helpful Linux Web sites out there.
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Chapter 12 . Running Yellow Dog Linux 379 Option Description yum update Updates all packages on the system. (Same as preceding option but does not specify package name.) yum remove package Removes the package identified in package. yum info package Provides detailed information on the package identified in package. Using this information, assume that you want to run gimp GNU Image Manipulation Project (GIMP) is a very popular graphics editing program and you haven t installed it previously. If you want to get more information on it, run: yum info gimp If you decide you want to install it: yum install gimp If an update becomes available a week later and you want to patch it: yum update gimp If it has been a month and you decide you no longer need gimp, you can remove it with the following: yum remove gimp Yum makes updating packages very easy and should be used regularly to keep your system updated with the latest patches (you can even run it from a cron job for true automation). Running Mac Applications with Mac-on-Linux Mac-on-Linux is a very interesting project that enables Mac users to have the best of both Linux and Mac. With this software, you can run Linux as the primary operating system and still access your Mac OS or Mac OS X operating systems (or even another Linux operating system) via a window within your operating Linux session. Mac-on-Linux presents a virtual machine that provides a real environment to the Mac OS or Mac OS X installation. Because there is no emulation, Mac-on-Linux is very fast and capable. Mac-on-Linux is very stable and works with minimal configuration. For more information on what Mac-on-Linux provides and on instructions for its use, visit http://maconlinux.org/.
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378 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Rebooting Your Linux Mac If you ve followed the instructions in this chapter to create a system that can boot either Mac OS X or Yellow Dog Linux, you will see a new step in your system s boot process. When you reboot your system, you will see a small text menu in the upperright corner of the screen that enables you to specify the system that you want to boot. Your choices are: l Boot Yellow Dog Linux x Boot Mac OS X c Boot from the CD-ROM drive If you do not specify one of these three options, your system will automatically boot into Yellow Dog Linux in 10 seconds. Updating Yellow Dog Linux Yellow Dog Updated, Modified (yum) is included with Yellow Dog and ships with Fedora, Mandrake, and other Linux distributions as well. It s a utility that enables you to update your system packages to the latest available version. Because new security vulnerabilities are released on all operating systems frequently, updating your system packages regularly is essential. Updating your packages also gives you the newest features available for the applications you are using. Table 12-1 shows some of the most widely used options available with yum (replace package with the name of your package). Table 12-1 Using Yum to Work with Software Packages Option Description yum list Shows all the packages available to be installed (but not installed). yum list installed Shows installed packages. yum list updates Shows all installed packages that have updates (patches) available. yum install package Installs the package you identify in package. yum update package Updates the package you identify in package. The great thing about this is it installs all package dependencies, which used to be a major headache when administering patches.
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Chapter 12 . Running Yellow Dog Linux 377 amount of software you decided to load. You are shown a list of the CDs that your system needs to load the software. Be sure to have those CDs ready to load into the system. After each CD is completed, you are prompted to insert another CD until the installation is complete. 16. After the installation finishes, the congratulations screen appears. Click Reboot when you are ready. 17. The system reboots and goes through system initialization. Afterward, a welcome screen appears. 18. The initial setup begins here. Click Next to move forward. 19. The license agreement appears in a text box. Read it and then click No if you do not agree to the terms, and the process stops. Click Yes if you agree to the terms. 20. Set the date and time for the system. If you want to use Network Time Protocol (NTP) to synchronize your system date and time with a remote network system for maximum assurance of correct date and time, check the Enable Network Time Protocol box, and then select one of the two NTP servers provided. 21. Set the display resolution and color depth to your preference. (You can change this in the system after installation.) 22. Create your nonroot daily user account. Enter a username (the name you use to log in with) and the full name of the user (for administrative purposes), and then enter the password twice. If you need to use network login, you can configure that here as well (your system administrator can provide this information if needed). Do not log in with the root account for normal day-to-day activities. That can be very dangerous in that you could accidentally damage the system with an errant command, but it also means that you might surf the Web using root or install software with root without thinking twice about it, possibly introducing malicious software. Use the nonroot account for all nonadministrative purposes and regular interaction with the system. 23. Configure your sound card. If everything seems to be configured properly, try to play a test sound. A pop-up window asks if you heard the sound. Answer appropriately, and click Next when you re ready to move on. 24. If you have any additional CDs from which to install software, insert them into the CD-ROM and select them here (the CD you insert will show on the list). Click Next to continue. 25. At this point you are done installing and configuring your system, and you are booted up into the graphical user interface with a prompt for the username and password. Caution
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376 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution 192.168.1.1 might be your gateway if you have a Linksys or D-Link router between your computer and your cable or DSL connection. Primary, secondary, and tertiary DNS The server that your system uses for address name translation (converting a hostname into an IP address). Your ISP usually gives you this information. 11. If you need additional language support, select it here. Your default language (chosen during install language selection) should already be selected. Click Next to continue. 12. Select the time zone in which you reside or the time zone you want to use for your server. If your hardware uses UTC (Greenwich Mean Time GMT), select the check box at the bottom. Click Next to continue. 13. Set your root password. This password provides the keys to the kingdom; with the root account, a user can do anything, including destroy the entire file system. You must set a strong password (not any personally identifiable information such as identification number, phone number, pet s name, family member s birthday, and so on). Enter your password twice (to ensure you ve entered it correctly), and then press Enter. The importance of a good root or any other account password should not be minimized. This is crucially important to the security of your system. See Chapter 6 and the Guide to Better Password Practices (http://securityfocus.com/ infocus/1537) for more information on choosing good passwords. 14. Select the different packages you want to install on the system. Choose Everything (for all software packages) or Minimal (only the basics to run the system). Selecting the package groups enables you to see the individual packages included in each group (you can select or deselect from that list for more granularity). Note that KDE is chosen by default; if you prefer to use GNOME or want to use both, check GNOME. When you re finished, click Next. Red Hat Fedora and Enterprise Linux 4 Bible includes descriptions of the software included with each of the packages for Fedora Core Linux. The packages described in Appendix B of that book are similar to Yellow Dog Linux selections because Yellow Dog is based on the Fedora Core distribution. That entire book can also be used as a reference guide to Yellow Dog Linux. 15. You ve reached the About to Install phase. You re warned that the system will begin writing to the disk. You can back out of anything at this point with no damage to the system, so if you made a mistake or are not sure about installing, you can simply reboot. If you are ready to commit your configuration to the system, click Next. Your system begins writing the software to the hard drive. This can take from ten minutes to an hour or more depending on the speed of your system and the Note Caution
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Chapter 12 . Running Yellow Dog Linux 375 On this screen, you also specify whether you want SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux) policies activated on your system. These access control policies provide a much richer and more powerful environment for defining the access that users and applications can have to various system resources. 10. Identify your network settings, including DHCP. You use your network configuration for LAN (local area network) connections, such as when you are using a router between your cable or DSL connection and the local, internal network. You should know these settings ahead of time, so be sure to check them out before you start. Refer to Chapter 5 for descriptions of IP addresses, netmasks, and other information you need to set up your LAN. If you are not prompted for network configuration information at this point, the installer could not identify your network card. This is extremely rare, but can happen with older Macs. If this occurs, contact Yellow Dog support for help in resolving this problem. Select eth0 (your first network interface card) and click Edit. You have the following options: Configure using DHCP Enables you to automatically obtain a DHCP address from your LAN if there is a DHCP server (such as Linksys or D-Link Routers). If you check here, you do not need to fill out anything else in this section. Activate on boot Enables you to turn on your network connection during boot. Under most circumstances you will want to do so if you are using a LAN. IP Address A four-octet number that uniquely identifies your computer address. Your system will have a unique IP on your LAN or WAN (wide area network) connection. Netmask Identifies the Host and network portions of the IP address. A class A network is 255.0.0.0, a class B is 255.255.0.0, and a class C is 255.255.255.0 by default (if no subnet masking is in place). Click OK and, if you aren t using DHCP, set your hostname by selecting Hostname.Manually. This can be any name you want to represent your computer. If this is a server, follow your company s naming convention. If you prefer to have DHCP set your hostname, select the Automatically via DHCP radio button. The last options are grayed out if you have selected DHCP. If you chose to manually configure your network options, enter the following: Gateway IP address The IP address of the machine that is the gateway or router between your network and the outside networks. For instance, Note Cross- Reference
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374 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution critical because your other file systems will mount from this. You generally want to have your root partition consume the rest of the hard drive unless you are creating more partitions. Additional partitions are optional. 9. Configure the firewall. A firewall acts as a conduit between your computer and other computers that request access to the services it is providing. If you are connected to the Internet or other networks, enable your firewall. Even if you are not connected to an untrusted network, you should enable the firewall in case you connect at a later date. Two choices are available in this section: No firewall Don t choose this option, because it does not check against requests for services. Even if your system is not currently providing services, it s best to not select this option (things can change as the system grows). Enable firewall The preferred selection. It provides a modicum of security against malicious entities that may want to attack your systems. Only the default services are allowed at this level, and you can configure access for more services as needed. Some of the defaults are: Remote login (SSH) An encrypted protocol that replaces the vulnerable telnet protocol. With SSH you can log in to the system with an interactive shell, as well as securely transfer files interactively (SFTP) or noninteractively (SCP). For more information on this, type man ssh at the command line after installation. When SSH is unchecked, you can still use these utilities on outgoing connections. This controls only incoming requests from outside your computer. If you need to access your system remotely, you can choose this, but it is best to leave it unchecked for security reasons. The same applies to the other options presented. Web Server (HTTP, HTTPS) Allows your system to serve regular (HTTP) Web pages or encrypted (HTTPS) Web pages. Unless you need to run a Web server, it is recommended that you do not check this. File Transfer (FTP) Allows users to interactively log in to your system and transfer files. This protocol is unencrypted and not needed by most users. If you must allow file transfers, SFTP (provided with SSH) is the preferred method because the password and username are sent encrypted. Mail Server (SMTP) Allows your system to accept mail requests or mail relay requests. You can still send and receive mail if you do not check this; it just allows your machine to act as a mail server. If you install and improperly configure SMTP, your system can become a spam relay, so only more experienced users should check this. These settings can be reconfigured later using iptables. See the man page for iptables for more information. Note Note
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Chapter 12 . Running Yellow Dog Linux 373 to experience a large set of applications, you can choose this instead of installing applications one by one. You can also choose a more specific set of packages if this is to be a server used for external services, providing a higher level of security. For this chapter, the Custom installation type is used. 8. Decide how you want to partition your hard drive. You have two choices: Option 1: Automatically partition If you choose this method, click Next and you are presented with three options: Remove all Linux partitions on this system Deletes all previous Linux partitions and replaces only previously identified Linux partitions. Remove all partitions on this system Use this only on New World ROM systems or on a single-drive Yellow Dog installation. If you use this option on a multiboot system, it removes all previous installations, including any Mac OS or MAC OS X installation. If you use this on an Old World ROM system, regardless of the installation type, it destroys the installation and requires a reformat and reload of Mac OS. Be extremely careful using the Remove All Partitions option. Avoid using it at all if possible because you can accidentally destroy your Mac OS installation! Keep all partitions and use existing free space The one you want to use in most cases because it won t alter your Mac OS or Mac OS X installations and uses only the identified free space (as created previously). This is the option you should select if you are using Automatically partition. You can also select the Review (and modify if needed) the partitions created option, which will enable you to double-check the partitions that the installer creates for you and change them if need be. Option 2: Manually Partition with Disk Druid This is the more advanced option that allows you to create your partitions to your preference. Here is the sequence for creating new Linux partitions: a. Choose the drive on which you want to install Yellow Dog Linux. b. Choose New to create a new partition. You must create three partitions. First, choose Filesystem Type.Apple BootStrap. No mount point is needed. It should be 1MB and fixed size. This partition is for booting and should be the very first partition. Second, choose Filesystem Type. Swap. No mount point required. It should be a minimum 256MB (256MB is generally enough, although some say this should be set to twice the size of your physical RAM. More won t degrade system performance, though, and it doesn t hurt to be safe) and fixed size. This partition is the swap space that Linux uses for processes when the RAM is full. Third, create your root partition by selecting / as the mount point. This is where the file system is mounted. The root partition is absolutely Caution
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372 Part III . Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution Although it doesn t show up in the Yellow Dog 3.0.1 text menu, you can still type mediacheck after install or install-text to check your CD-ROMs. 3. After some cursory probing messages, you are prompted with a menu asking how you want to boot the CD-ROM. If you are using a New World ROM G3 or G4 system (blue-and-white G3 and above machine), type install at the prompt to use the graphical user interface method of installation. If you are using a G5 machine, type install-g5 at the prompt to install using the graphical user interface. If you can t get either of these methods to work, type install-safe for G3 or G4 machines or install-g5-safe for G5 machines to use a generic video mode for installation. If neither of these methods works, you can type install text for G3 or G4 machines or install-g5 text for G5 machines to install with the text installation method if you find that the graphical version doesn t work for you. Yellow Dog Linux 3.0.1 has only install and install-text options available. Choose install first, and if that doesn t work, choose install-text after rebooting. 4. The system will have been probed prior to this point to determine the hardware configuration. After the text messages, you are presented with a welcome screen. (You can choose to review the release notes by clicking the Release Notes button at the bottom-left side.) When you re ready to move on, click the Next button on the bottom-right side. 5. Select the language with which you are most comfortable. All future information presented by the installer will be in the language you select. 6. Choose the keyboard type that matches your current configuration. 7. Choose the type of installation you want. The options are: Personal Desktop Most home users will want this installation because it contains the most appropriate software set for home or office users (including laptops). Games, word processors, Internet tools, and other useful packages are included. Workstation Similar to the personal desktop type but includes tools for system administration and software development. Server Installs software needed for providing external services, including file and print, Web, and mail services. This is an advanced installation type and should be used only if you need it because you could misconfigure your system and create a security vulnerability. You can choose to install a graphical user interface as well, so if you don t want the extra overhead of a GUI, you can go without one on this type. Custom Provides the most flexibility because you can configure the partitions and software packages you want (everything!). This is your choice if you want to have more control over the installation. If you want Note Note
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